This is the theme at the heart of the conference organised by the Air Force's General Staff in collaboration with the Italian Society of Military History. The meeting, promoted by the Air Force's General Staff in collaboration with the Italian Society of Military History, is part of the initiatives devised to celebrate the 90th Anniversary of the establishment of the Air Force. The conference offered a series of points for discussion and reflection on the early years of the Armed Force's history, with particular attention to the contemporary experiences of the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and France. These were crucial, decisive years that marked the development of the air arm, both from a technical-operational and doctrinal point of view, leading up to the great and terrible test of the Second World War. The initiative, which involved the participation of scholars both from the Armed Force and academia, was mainly aimed at experts and enthusiasts of aeronautical military history, as well as university students interested in developing research topics related to the history of the Air Force.